Ah, summertime in South Africa! The days are longer, the skies are clearer, and the wildlife is out in full force. Among the creatures making their seasonal debut are snakes, which become more active with the rise in temperatures. While these slithery neighbours often get a bad rap, they’re an essential part of our ecosystem. That said, knowing which snakes to steer clear of, which ones are harmless, and what to do when you encounter them can make all the difference.
For camping enthusiasts, overlanders, and off-road adventurers, the risk of encountering snakes in remote areas obviously increases during summer. Whether you’re setting up camp in the bush or venturing into rugged terrain, understanding the snakes that share these habitats is critical for staying safe and enjoying your outdoor adventures.
The heavy hitters: South Africa’s most dangerous snakes
Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis)
The Black Mamba is the undisputed heavyweight of South Africa’s venomous snakes. Measuring up to 4.5m – though averaging around 2.5m to 3m – it’s not only the longest venomous snake in Africa but also one of the fastest, clocking speeds of up to 20km/h. Despite their fearsome reputation, Black Mambas are shy and prefer to avoid humans. They’re most commonly found in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, and the North West province, thriving in savannas, rocky areas, and open woodlands.
For off-roaders traversing rocky escarpments or overlanders camping in savanna regions, being alert for Black Mambas is vital. Their neurotoxic venom is capable of causing death within hours if untreated. Fortunately, fatalities are rare thanks to improved awareness and access to antivenom. If bitten, immediate medical attention is critical.
Puff Adder (Bitis arietans)
The Puff Adder is responsible for most snakebite incidents in South Africa, and it’s easy to see why. This stocky snake relies on its incredible camouflage and will often freeze rather than flee when approached, making accidental bites common. Puff Adders are prolific across South Africa, from grasslands to suburban gardens.
Camping near grasslands or hiking through areas with dense vegetation increases the chances of crossing paths with this ambush predator.
Adults typically grow to about 1m, though larger specimens can reach 1.5m. Their cytotoxic venom causes severe pain, swelling, and tissue damage, often requiring surgical intervention. While rarely fatal, bites can have long-term consequences if not treated promptly.
Cape Cobra (Naja nivea)
A master of disguise, the Cape Cobra comes in a range of colours – from golden yellow to dark brown. This highly venomous snake is most common in the Western and Northern Cape, favouring arid regions but sometimes venturing into urban areas. Measuring around 1.2m to 1.6m in length, it’s one of the most dangerous cobras in Africa.
For overlanders exploring the arid beauty of the Northern Cape or setting up camp in rocky terrain, Cape Cobras can be a concern. The Cape Cobra’s neurotoxic venom acts quickly, potentially causing respiratory failure. Known for its boldness, this snake will not hesitate to defend itself. Immediate antivenom treatment is crucial for survival.
Boomslang (Dispholidus typus)
With its striking green and black coloration, the Boomslang is both beautiful and deadly. These arboreal snakes are found throughout South Africa, favouring wooded habitats. Although shy and unaggressive, the Boomslang’s haemotoxic venom can cause fatal internal bleeding if untreated. Bites, however, are rare.
Overlanders setting up camp near woodlands or bushy areas might spot the Boomslang basking in trees. It can grow up to 2m in length and is easily identified by its large eyes and slender body. Its solitary nature means it’s less likely to approach humans, but it’s always wise to give it a wide berth.
Mozambique Spitting Cobra (Naja mossambica)
One of the most adaptable and widespread snakes in South Africa, the Mozambique Spitting Cobra is found in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal. This snake, averaging 1.2m to 1.5m in length, is notorious for spitting its venom – a mix of neurotoxins and cytotoxins – at the eyes of its threats, potentially causing temporary or permanent blindness.
For campers and adventurers in KwaZulu-Natal or Mpumalanga, the Mozambique Spitting Cobra’s nocturnal activity can make it a surprise visitor in camp. Ensure tents are zipped up, and always use a torch when moving around at night. While its venom can cause significant tissue damage, fatalities are rare with prompt medical treatment.
The harmless heroes: Non-venomous snakes and their look-alikes
Common Egg-eater (Dasypeltis scabra)
This non-venomous snake is a master mimic, often mistaken for the venomous Puff Adder due to its similar coloration and defensive behaviour, which includes hissing and striking with a closed mouth. Found across South Africa, the Common Egg-eater poses no threat to humans as it feeds exclusively on eggs.
Brown House Snake (Boaedon capensis)
A common garden visitor, the Brown House Snake is a non-venomous constrictor that preys on rodents and small reptiles. It’s often confused with juvenile Cape Cobras due to its brown colour and stripes. Adults typically measure around 1m and are completely harmless. For off-roaders parking near farmhouses or older buildings, this snake is a welcome guest for pest control.
Spotted Bush Snake (Philothamnus semivariegatus)
This slender, green snake is often mistaken for the highly venomous Green Mamba or Boomslang. The Spotted Bush Snake, however, is non-venomous and poses no danger to humans. It’s commonly found in gardens, climbing walls and trees in search of geckos.
Mole Snake (Pseudaspis cana)
A large, non-venomous snake that can grow up to 2m, the Mole Snake often causes panic due to its resemblance to the Black Mamba. Found across South Africa, it’s a valuable rodent hunter and poses no threat to humans unless provoked.
What to do if you encounter a snake
Stay calm and still: Snakes generally avoid confrontation. Sudden movements may provoke a defensive strike.
Give it space: Slowly back away and give the snake an escape route. Snakes won’t chase you.
Don’t handle it: Most bites occur when people try to catch or kill snakes. Leave it to the experts.
Call a professional: The African Snakebite Institute offers resources and contacts for snake removals.
In case of a bite: Stay calm and immobilise the affected limb. Do not attempt to suck out venom or apply a tourniquet. Seek medical help immediately and note the snake’s appearance for identification.
How to snake-proof your campsite
- Keep your camping area tidy and free of food scraps.
- Avoid setting up camp near dense vegetation, rock piles, or termite mounds.
- Use snake guards on tents and close zips tightly.
- Check boots, sleeping bags, and gear for hidden snakes before use.
Conclusion
South Africa’s snakes are as diverse as its landscapes, each playing a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. For campers, overlanders, and off-roaders, being snake-savvy is essential for a safe and enjoyable adventure. While some species demand respect due to their venom, many are harmless and often mistaken for their more dangerous counterparts. By understanding these reptiles and knowing how to respond to encounters, we can coexist safely with our slithering neighbours.
For more information, visit the African Snakebite Institute’s website, a treasure trove of resources, identification guides, and safety tips for all things snake-related. Remember, knowledge is your best defense this snake season!
